ABSTRACT
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has multiple uses in psychiatry, but its mechanisms of action (MA) in patients with schizophrenia (PS) are poorly understood. We synthesize and discuss the available evidence in this regard. We conducted a search for primary human studies and systematic reviews searching MA of ECT in PS published in PubMed/Medline, SciELO, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Library, including 24 articles. Genetic findings are scarce and inconsistent. At the molecular level, the dopaminergic and GABAergic role stands out. The increase in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after ECT, is a predictor of positive clinical outcomes, while the change in N-acetyl aspartate levels would demonstrate a neuroprotective role for ECT. This intervention would improve inflammatory and oxidative parameters, thereby resulting in a symptomatic improvement. ECT is associated with an increase in functional connectivity in the thalamus, right putamen, prefrontal cortex and left precuneus, structures that play a role in the neural default mode network. A decrease in connectivity between the thalamus and the sensory cortex and an enhanced functional connectivity of the right thalamus to right putamen along with a clinical improvement have been reported after ECT. Moreover a volumetric increase in hippocampus and insula has been reported after ECT. These changes could be associated with the biochemical pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Most of the included studies are observational or quasi-experimental, with small sample sizes. However, they show simultaneous changes at different neurobiological levels, with a pathophysiological and clinical correlation. We propose that the research on ECT should be carried out from neurobiological dimensions, but with a clinical perspective.
Subject(s)
Humans , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Prefrontal CortexABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION@#The effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on quality of life (QoL), and its relationship with symptom and cognitive change remains unclear. We aim to examine the association of QoL changes with psychiatric symptom and cognitive changes among patients with schizophrenia who underwent ECT.@*METHODS@#This is a retrospective cohort study of 132 patients who received ECT from July 2017 to December 2019. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from medical records. Changes in QoL, psychiatric symptoms and cognition function were examined after 6 sessions of ECT. Generalised linear regression was used to examine the associations of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores with QoL as measured by EQ-5D scores.@*RESULTS@#The mean (standard error) improvements after ECT were statistically significant for the assessment scales of EQ-5D utility score: 0.77 (0.02) to 0.89 (0.02), P<0.001; EuroQol-5-Dimension (EQ-5D) visual analogue scale score: 66.82 (2.61) to 73.05 (1.93), P=0.012; and EQ-5D subdomain scores. Both improvement in BPRS (adjusted β coefficient -0.446, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.840 to -0.052) and MoCA (adjusted β 12.068, 95% CI 0.865 to 12.271) scores were significantly associated with improvement in EQ-5D utility scores after adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Improvement of BPRS scores (psychiatric symptoms) was significantly associated with improvement of the patients' mental health that was assessed by EQ-5D subdomain scores of pain (adjusted β coefficient 0.012, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.021) and anxiety (adjusted β coefficient 0.013, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.024). Improvement of MoCA scores (cognitive function) was significantly associated with patients' physical health as assessed by EQ-5D subdomain score of usual activity (adjusted β coefficient -0.349, 95% CI -0.607 to -0.09).@*CONCLUSION@#ECT was associated with an overall improvement of QoL among patients with schizophrenia. The improvement of psychiatric symptoms was found to be significantly associated with better mental health while the improvement of cognitive function was associated with better physical health.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cognition , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Quality of Life , Retrospective Studies , Schizophrenia/therapy , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Self-Injurious Behavior/therapy , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy , Time Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Reproducibility of Results , Treatment Outcome , Self-Injurious Behavior/physiopathology , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathologySubject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Psychotic Disorders/complications , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/ethnology , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/therapy , Psychotic Disorders/physiopathology , Psychotic Disorders/therapy , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/physiopathologySubject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Anesthesia/methods , Anesthetics , Mental Disorders/therapyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of maintenance modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) on schizophrenic patients. Methods From June 2012 to June 2014, 62 patients with schizophrenia, who had recovered from a successful course of acute MECT, were recruited. Thirty-one patients received maintenance MECT and risperidone, as the experimental group. Another 31 patients were enrolled in the control group, and received risperidone only. The effects on cognitive functions, clinical symptoms and relapse rate were determined. Results Patients in the experimental group had a lower relapse rate and longer relapse-free survival time than the controls. Relative to the baseline evaluation, patients showed statistically significant improvement in verbal memory and visual memory. At the final assessment, the scores of verbal and visual memory were remarkably lower in the experimental group than the controls but there was no significant difference in other tests. Conclusion Maintenance MECT plus medication is superior to medication alone in preventing relapse and improving cognitive function.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da manutenção de eletroconvulsoterapia modificada (ECTM) em pacientes com esquizofrenia. Métodos Entre junho de 2012 a junho de 2014, 62 pacientes, com esquizofrenia e que apresentaram recuperação bem-sucedida após ECTM aguda, foram recrutados. Um grupo experimental de trinta e um pacientes recebeu ECTM de manutenção e risperidona. Os demais pacientes foram incluídos no grupo controle, recebendo apenas a risperidona. Determinou-se os efeitos sobre as funções cognitivas, os sintomas clínicos e a taxa de recidiva. Resultados Os pacientes do grupo experimental tiveram menor taxa de recidiva e maior tempo de sobrevida livre de recidiva do que os do grupo controle. Em relação à avaliação inicial, os pacientes apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significativa da memória verbal e da memória visual. Na avaliação final, os escores de memória verbal e visual foram extraordinariamente menores no grupo experimental do que no grupo controle, mas não se observou diferenças significativas em outros testes. Conclusão A ECTM de manutenção combinada à medicação é superior ao uso apenas de medicação na prevenção de recidivas e na melhora da função cognitiva.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/therapy , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Cognition/physiology , Risperidone/therapeutic use , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Time Factors , Reproducibility of Results , Treatment Outcome , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Statistics, Nonparametric , Disease-Free Survival , Secondary Prevention , Memory/physiology , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
Purpose To analyze the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for the management of depression and/or psychosis refractory to drug therapy in patients with Parkinson disease.Methods A retrospective study was carried out including patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy during the period between 2002 and 2013. A review of the literature was performed.Results A total of 27 patients were included. In regards to the neuropsychiatric diagnosis, 14 patients had major depression, 12 patients had both psychosis and depression, and only one patient had isolated psychosis. The mean number of electroconvulsive therapy sessions was 12 ± 2.8. After electroconvulsive therapy, all patients showed a statistically significant improvement in the Brief Psychiatric Rating scale (reduction of 52% points) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (reduction of 50% points) independent of the presence of psychosis, depression or both.Conclusion Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for the treatment of refractory neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.
Propósito Analisar a eficácia da eletroconvulsoterapia para o tratamento da depressão e/ou psicoses refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes com doença de Parkinson.Métodos Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado com pacientes tratados com a eletroconvulsoterapia, durante o período entre 2002 e 2013. Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada.Resultados Um total de 27 pacientes foram incluídos. Em relação ao diagnóstico neuropsiquiátrico, 14 pacientes tinham depressão maior, 12 pacientes tiveram tanto psicoses e depressão, e apenas um paciente tinha isolado psicoses. O número médio de sessões de eletroconvulsoterapia foi de 12 ± 2,8. Após a eletroconvulsoterapia, todos os pacientes apresentaram uma melhora estatisticamente significativa no Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (redução de 52% de pontos) e Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (redução de 50% de pontos), independente da presença de psicose, depressão ou ambos.Conclusão Eletroconvulsoterapia é eficaz para o tratamento de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos refractários na doença de Parkinson.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Parkinson Disease/therapy , Psychotic Disorders/therapy , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Parkinson Disease/psychology , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Introduction: More than 60 years after the introduction of modern psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) continues to be an essential therapeutic modality in the treatment of mental disorders, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Hormones play an essential role in the development and expression of a series of behavioral changes. One aspect of the influence of hormones on behavior is their potential contribution to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs and ECT. Objective: We measured blood levels of the hormone cortisol in patients with unipolar depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and compared results with levels found in healthy adults. Method: Blood cortisol levels were measured before the beginning of treatment with ECT, at the seventh session, and at the last session, at treatment completion. Depression symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Cortisol levels remained stable in both men and women between the seventh and the last sessions of ECT; values ranged from 0.686±9.6330 g/dL for women, and there was a mean decrease of 5.825±6.0780 g/dL (p = 0.024). Mean number of ECT sessions was 12. After the seventh and the last ECT sessions, patients with depression and individuals in the control group had similar cortisol levels, whereas BDI scores remained different. Conclusion: Cortisol levels decreased during ECT treatment. ECT seems to act as a regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis. .
Introdução: Mais de 60 anos após a introdução da moderna psicofarmacologia, a eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) continua essencial para o tratamento de distúrbios mentais, mas seu mecanismo de ação ainda não é totalmente conhecido. Certos hormônios têm um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento e expressão de uma série de alterações comportamentais. Um aspecto da influência dos hormônios nos comportamentos é sua contribuição potencial para a patofisiologia dos distúrbios psiquiátricos e o mecanismo de ação de psicotrópicos e da ECT. Objetivo: Os níveis do hormônio cortisol no sangue foram medidos em pacientes com depressão unipolar classificados de acordo com a 4ª edição do Manual Estatístico e Diagnóstico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV), e os resultados foram comparados com os níveis encontrados em adultos saudáveis. Métodos: Os níveis de cortisol no sangue foram medidos antes do início do tratamento com ECT, na sétima e na última sessão, após a conclusão do tratamento. Os sintomas de depressão foram avaliados usando o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). Resultados: Os níveis de cortisol permaneceram estáveis tanto nos pacientes masculinos quanto femininos entre a sétima e a última sessão de ECT; os valores variaram 0,686±9,6330 g/ dL entre as pacientes femininas, e houve uma diminuição de 5,825±6,0780 g/dL (p = 0,024). O número médio de sessões de ECT foi 12. Após a sétima e a última sessão de ECT, os níveis de cortisol nos pacientes com depressão e nos indivíduos no grupo controle foram semelhantes, enquanto os resultados da escala BDI permaneceram diferentes. Conclusão: Os níveis de cortisol diminuíram durante o tratamento com ECT. A ECT parece atuar como reguladora do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal. .
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Depressive Disorder/blood , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Electroconvulsive Therapy , Hydrocortisone/blood , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients who underwent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at a university general hospital. Method: In this retrospective study, records from all patients undergoing ECT between January 1988 and January 2008 at the psychiatric unit of the general hospital of Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) were reviewed. Telephone contact was made with patients/relatives to collect follow-up data. Results: A total of 200 charts were reviewed. The majority of patients were women, with a mean age of 39 years, and history of psychiatric hospitalization. The main indications for ECT were depression and catatonia. Complications were observed in less than half of the cases, and most were temporary and not severe. There was a good psychiatric outcome for 89.7% of the patients, especially for catatonic patients (100%, p = 0.02). Thirty-four percent of the cases were later contacted by telephone calls, at a mean of 8.5 years between the procedure and the contact. Among these, three (1.5%) reported persistent memory disorders and 73% considered ECT a good treatment. Conclusion: ECT has been performed according to international guidelines. In the vast majority of cases, undesirable effects were temporary and not severe. Response to ECT was positive in most cases, particularly in catatonic patients.
Objetivo: Descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de pacientes submetidos a eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) em um hospital geral universitário. Método: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram revisados os prontuários de todos os pacientes submetidos a ECT entre janeiro de 1988 e janeiro de 2008 na unidade psiquiátrica do hospital geral da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Os pacientes/familiares foram contatados por telefone para a coleta de dados de seguimento. Resultados: Um total de 200 prontuários foram revisados. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 39 anos e história de hospitalização psiquiátrica prévia. As principais indicações para ECT foram depressão e catatonia. Complicações foram observadas em menos de metade dos casos, e a maioria delas teve caráter temporário e não grave. Houve resultado psiquiátrico favorável em 89,7% dos pacientes, especialmente os catatônicos (100%, p = 0,02). Trinta e nove por cento dos casos foram contatados por telefone, a uma média de 8,5 anos decorridos entre o procedimento e o contato. Entre estes, três (1,5%) relataram transtornos amnésticos persistentes e 73% consideraram a ECT um bom tratamento. Conclusão: A ECT foi realizada de acordo com diretrizes internacionais. Na grande maioria dos casos, efeitos indesejáveis foram temporários e não graves. A resposta à ECT foi positiva na maioria dos casos, especialmente em pacientes catatônicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Electroconvulsive Therapy , Health Profile , Psychiatric Department, Hospital , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Retrospective Studies , Socioeconomic Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Background & objectives: In recent years, health-related quality of life (QOL) has been regarded as the most important dimension of outcome in schizophrenia. Recent research has shown that atypical antipsychotics improve QOL in patients with schizophrenia. Importance of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been demonstrated in restoring function and health related quality of life in depressed patients. However, there are no data on patients of schizophrenia. The objective of the present study was therefore, to assess the improvement in quality of life after ECT in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients of treatment resistant schizophrenia were given ECT sessions twice a week and assessments were made with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale of Schizophrenia (PANSS), WHO QOL Bref, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Clinical Global Impressions. Results: The group improved significantly on all the domains of quality of life scale except the domain named satisfaction with social relations. There was also significant change in the total score of PANSS after 6 ECT sessions (mean at baseline = 86.7, mean after 6 ECT = 65.5, P< 0.001) as well as on different subscales of PANSS. The score on the global assessment of functioning also changed significantly (mean 26.3 at baseline to 44.5 after 6 ECT sessions). Interpretation & conclusions: The present findings showed that ECT in addition to improvement in symptomatology led to improvement in QOL in patients of treatment resistant schizophrenia.
Subject(s)
Adult , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Schizophrenia/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
The use of neuromodulation as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) has recently attracted renewed interest due to development of other non-pharmacological therapies besides electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). METHOD: We convened a working group of researchers to discuss the updates and key challenges of neuromodulation use for the treatment of MDD. RESULTS: The state-of-art of neuromodulation techniques was reviewed and discussed in four sections: [1] epidemiology and pathophysiology of MDD; [2] a comprehensive overview of the neuromodulation techniques; [3] using neuromodulation techniques in MDD associated with non-psychiatric conditions; [4] the main challenges of neuromodulation research and alternatives to overcome them. DISCUSSION: ECT is the first-line treatment for severe depression. TMS and tDCS are strategies with a relative benign profile of side effects; however, while TMS effects are comparable to antidepressant drugs for treating MDD; further research is needed to establish the role of tDCS. DBS and VNS are invasive strategies with a possible role in treatment-resistant depression. In summary, MDD is a chronic and incapacitating condition with a high prevalence; therefore clinicians should consider all the treatment options including invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation approaches.
O uso de técnicas de neuromodulação para o tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) tem despertado um renovado interesse nos últimos anos com o desenvolvimento de outras intervenções não-farmacólogicas além da eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT), como a estimulação magnética transcraniana (EMT), a estimulação transcraniana por corrente continua (ETCC), a estimulação cerebral profunda (DBS) e a estimulação de nervo vago (VNS). MÉTODO: Nós organizamos um grupo de trabalho com vários pesquisadores para discutir os avanços recentes e os principais desafios para o uso da neuromodulação no tratamento do TDM. RESULTADOS: O estado-da-arte da neuromodulação foi revisado e discutido em quatro seções: [1] epidemiologia e fisiopatologia do TDM; [2] uma revisão das técnicas de neuromodulação; [3] o uso das técnicas de neuromodulação na depressão que ocorre associada ou em virtude de condições não-psiquiátricas; [4] os principais desafios da pesquisa na neuromodulação e alternativas para superá-los. DISCUSSÃO: ECT é o tratamento de primeira linha para depressão grave. EMT e ETCC são estratégias com um perfil benigno de efeitos adversos; contudo, enquanto os efeitos da EMT são comparáveis ao das drogas antidepressivas para o tratamento da TDM, a eficácia da ETCC ainda precisa ser estabelecida por mais pesquisas clínicas. DBS e VNS são intervenções invasivas com um papel possível para a depressão refratária. Em resumo, TDM é uma condição crônica, incapacitante e de alta prevalência; portanto na prática clínica todas as opções de tratamento possíveis, incluindo as farmacológicas e não-farmacológicas, devem ser consideradas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Depressive Disorder, Major/therapy , Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods , Brazil , Deep Brain Stimulation/methods , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Vagus Nerve Stimulation/methodsABSTRACT
El electroshock o terapia electroconvulsivante (TEC) ha sido considerado uno de los tratamientos psiquiátricos más controversiales desde que comenzó su aplicación, aceptado por unos y negado por otros, en el intervienen criterios de disciplinas tales como la Filosofía, la Ética, los aspectos medicolegales y la religión. Este trabajo pretende, en su revisión y análisis, evidenciar un viejo conflicto no resuelto aún en el cual se interrelacionan paciente, familiares y profesional médico además de una terapéutica específica (terapia electroconvulsivante), tema aún muy debatido en la actualidad por los mitos que existen en torno a él, para cuya solución se requieren nuevos estudios más serios y cuidadosos en el campo de las neurociencias por ser este un nuevo desafío en el estudio del cerebro.
Electroshock or electroconvulsive therapy (TEC) has been considered one of the most controversial psychiatric treatment since the beginning of its application, being accepted by some professionals and denied by others, where criteria and disciplines such as Philosophy and Ethics; medical legal aspects and Religion interfere. This work intends through its revision and analysis to evidence an old conflict not resolved in which patient, relatives and medical personnel in addition to this therapy are involved. This therapy constitutes a so much discussed matter at present time due to the myths that surrounded it and requires new more serious and careful studies carry out on the Neurosciences field due to the fact that this treatment means a new challenge on the study of the brain.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Bioethics , Depression , Electroconvulsive Therapy/ethics , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methodsABSTRACT
Till date, there have been no reports on the use of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment of migraine. We report a 43-year-old man who was given a course of modified ECTs for severe depression. The patient developed this depression secondarily to his long-standing, medication refractory migraine. After the course of ECT, successful migraine relief was achieved. The patient has since been headache free for a reasonably long period of time. ECT can show promise as a powerful new method of migraine treatment.
Subject(s)
Adult , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Electroconvulsive Therapy/therapeutic use , Headache/therapy , Humans , Male , Migraine Disorders/therapyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: O presente artigo é uma revisão do conhecimento atual relativo às terapias somáticas em psiquiatria, com foco em transtornos psiquiátricos resistentes ao tratamento usual. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma pesquisa computadorizada da literatura no Medline utilizando as palavras "eletroconvulsoterapia", "estimulação magnética transcraniana", "terapia magnética convulsiva", "estimulação do nervo vago" e "estimulação cerebral profunda", com todos os termos traduzidos para o idioma inglês. Referências listadas em cada artigo foram também analisadas. RESULTADOS: O desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos psiquiátricos não farmacológicos nas últimas décadas renovou o interesse em terapias somáticas. A despeito de a eletroconvulsoterapia continuar a ser o único tratamento somático com eficácia estabelecida, a estimulação magnética transcraniana, a terapia magnética convulsiva, a estimulação do nervo vago e a estimulação cerebral profunda são potencialmente novas modalidades de tratamento psiquiátrico. CONCLUSÕES: Novas modalidades de tratamento ainda padecem de falta de conhecimento cientifico adequado. Entretanto, estratégias somáticas ainda representam uma promessa como formas mais eficazes e seguras de tratamento psiquiátrico.
OBJECTIVE: This paper reviews the current knowledge of somatic treatment in psychiatry, with a focus on treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A computerized search of the literature was conducted on Medline using the words "electroconvulsive therapy", "transcranial magnetic stimulation", "vagus nerve stimulation", "deep brain stimulation" and "magnetic seizure therapy". References from each paper were also screened. RESULTS: The development of new non-pharmacological psychiatric interventions in the past decades has renewed the clinical and research interest in somatic therapies. Although electroconvulsive therapy remains the only somatic treatment with undisputed efficacy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation all offer potential as novel means of psychiatric treatment. CONCLUSIONS: New treatment modalities still have an insufficient body of data. Notwithstanding, biological strategies continue to hold promise as a safer and more effective approach to psychiatric treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Deep Brain Stimulation , Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods , Mental Disorders/therapy , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation , Clinical Trials as Topic , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Vagus NerveABSTRACT
Con el fin de comparar efectos clínicos de tiopental y propofol en la terapia electroconvulsiva, se estudiaron 50 pacientes en el Hospital Militar Central Dr Carlos J Finlay. Se empleó tiopental 3 mg/kg o propofol 1,5 mg/kg endovenoso y succinilcolina 0,5 mg/kg; se aplicó estímulo biparietal (120-150 volts). Se analizaron las variables presión arterial media, frecuencia y ritmo cardiaco, duración de la convulsión y de la recuperación. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar las cifras tensionales en ambos grupos; clínicamente se presentó mayor incremento en el grupo tiopental terminada la convulsión; las arritmias cardiacas fueron más frecuentes también en este grupo (70 por ciento) al compararlo con propofol (14 por ciento). La duración de la convulsión fue 29,84 s en el grupo propofol y 37,24 s en el grupo tiopental, con tiempos de recuperación de 6,85 y 8,16 min promedio respectivamente. El propofol resultó mejor hipnótico para la terapia electroconvulsiva.
To compare clinical effects of Thyopental and Propofol in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 50 patients were studied in Dr Carlos J Finlay Central Military Hospital, Thyopental was used (3 mg/kg) or Propofol (1.5 mg/kg) by intravenous way, and succinylcholine ( 0.5 mg/kg) ; biparietal stimulus was applied (120-150 v). Following variables were analyzed: mean blood pressure, cardiac frequency and rhythm, duration of generalized seizure, and of recovery. There weren't significant statistically differences in comparison of tension figures in both groups; clinically there was a greater increase in Thiopental group post generalized seizure; cardiac arrhythmias were also more frequent in this group (70 percent) in comparison to Propofol (14 percent). Generalized seizure course was of 29.84 s in Propofol group, and of 37.24 in Thyopental group, with recovery times of 6.85 and 8.16 average minutes, respectively. Propofol was a better hypnotic for electroconvulsive therapy.